Abbreviations
Here are som standard abbreviations that are commonly used for citations and references:
- anon.
- anonymous.Used when the author is unknown
- ca.
- circa. Used for approximate dates, f. ex ca. 1978
- ch. chap.
- chapter
- anon.
- anonymous.Used when the author is unknown
- ca.
- circa. Used for approximate dates, f. ex ca. 1978
- ch. chap.
- chapter
- ed.
- editor(s)
- et al.
- (et alii) and others. Used to shorten author lists
- ib., ibid.
- (ibidem) In the same text as previous citation. Used when a reference is the same as the previous one. The page number can be different, for example "ibid., p. 56."
- idem, loc. cit.
- (loco citato) in the place cited. At the same place as cited before
- op. cit.
- (opere citato). Used when a quotation comes from the same source as cited earlier. Author names should be included to indicate the source. For example "Mandelson, op. cit., s. 99".
- p.
- page(s)
- rev. ed.
- revised edition. For revised editions of books
- s. l.
- (sine loco) without a place
- s. n.
- (sine nomine) without a name. For unnamed publishers
- suppl.
- supplement. Used for example for supplementary issues of a journal
- v.
- volume
- X??
- Without published year