Abbreviations

Here are som standard abbreviations that are commonly used for citations and references:

anon.

anonymous.Used when the author is unknown

ca.

circa. Used for approximate dates, f. ex ca. 1978

ch. chap.

chapter

anon.

anonymous.Used when the author is unknown

ca.

circa. Used for approximate dates, f. ex ca. 1978

ch. chap.

chapter

ed.

editor(s)

et al.

(et alii) and others. Used to shorten author lists

ib., ibid.

(ibidem) In the same text as previous citation. Used when a reference is the same as the previous one. The page number can be different, for example "ibid., p. 56."

idem, loc. cit.

(loco citato) in the place cited. At the same place as cited before

op. cit.

(opere citato). Used when a quotation comes from the same source as cited earlier. Author names should be included to indicate the source. For example "Mandelson, op. cit., s. 99".

p.

page(s)

rev. ed.

revised edition. For revised editions of books

s. l.

(sine loco) without a place

s. n.

(sine nomine) without a name. For unnamed publishers

suppl.

supplement. Used for example for supplementary issues of a journal

v.

volume

X??

Without published year