Rules

References (in-text citations)

• Footnotes and endnotes are numbered consecutively 1, 2, 3, and so on.
• When using endnotes, all notes are placed at the end of the text, before the reference list.
• In the notes, you write the full reference the first time you use it. For subsequent references to a source, use the short form of the reference, that is, the author(s)’ last name and the short form of the title. Note that the use of ibid, Latin for 'same place', is discouraged. "Op. cit." og "loc. cit." are no longer allowed.
• If you quote from or refer to specific places in a text, you should also include page numbers.
• The footnote citation to secondary sources must include the original source, with "quoted in", and the secondary source. Both are listed in the reference list.
• Titles of main works are written in italics and chapter and article titles in "quotation marks"; see the different reference types below.
• A quotation of five or more lines, or more than 100 words, should be blocked.

Reference list (Bibliography)

• In the reference list, the reference is given in full form with full author name, full title, edition (unless first) and publication data (place of publication, publisher).
• The list is arranged alphabetically by author's last name. Works with multiple authors are alphabetized by first author.
• For works by two authors, list both in the bibliography and the notes. Only the first author’s name is inverted in the bibliography.
• For three or more authors, list up to six in the bibliography; for more than six authors, list the first three, followed by “et al.” (“and others”). In the notes, list only the first, followed by “et al.”
• If you include multiple works by the same author, they are arranged chronologically (from oldest to newest publication). Chicago no longer recommends using the 3-em dash to stand in for the same author(s) in consecutive bibliography entries, preferring instead a repetition of authors’ names.
• References without an author are alphabetized by title.
• For references retrieved from the Internet, provide the web address (DOI or URL) and the publication date or date of last update. If none of these exist, use the date of reading and set n.y. instead of the year of publication.
• Use hanging indentation in the reference list, meaning that all lines after the first in each entry are indented.

Sample citations

The following examples illustrate the notes and bibliography system. Sample notes show full citations followed by shortened citations for the same sources. Sample bibliography entries follow the notes.